After the death of Emperor Constantine in 337 AD, the empire was united under the rule of two joint emperors (one for the east and one for the west) for the next 60 years, but after the emperor Theodosius in 395 AD, the empire was permanently divided into two separate parts. It is divided into (Western and Eastern kingdoms).
The Western Roman Empire was attacked by barbarian tribes from Germany and northern Europe. In the period of one hundred years from 378 AD to 476 AD, Germanic and barbarian tribes (Huns, Visigoths, Gauls, Vandals, etc.) attacked the Roman Empire and conquered the territories of Italy, Africa, Spain, Gaul and Great Britain. .
A year after the 6-year-old Romulus Augustus (Romulus Augustus), the last ruler of Rome (475 AD), in 476 AD, the Germanic tribes captured Rome and erased the last trace of the Western Roman Empire.
After that, for the next 300 years, various parts of the Roman Empire were ruled by Germanic tribes. At the same time, these tribes also accepted Christianity through the efforts of the Christian Church.
(After the fall of Rome, in the next period, the Christian Church in Europe continued to play a very important role in political and social terms in addition to its religious role, which has a separate history)
In the 8th century AD, Rome again gained importance at this time. When Charlemagne, king of the Franks, unites the Germanic tribes and establishes an empire based on Christianity and crowns him as Pope in Rome. This empire of Rome is known as "Holy Roman Empire". However, since this period is from the Middle Ages of Europe, it is not included in the ancient history of Europe. Second, the nature of the ancient Roman Empire before this empire was different in many respects.
The political history of the Ancient Roman Empire or Rome ends with the gradual domination of Germanic tribes over various parts of the Roman Empire and finally their capture of Rome in 476 AD.
The Eastern Empire (Constantinople) was called Byzantine. (They included Syria, Egypt, Asia Minor, the Terbas area (Southeastern Europe) and the countries of Greece). It has a significant history of its own from the time of partition to its end.
Soldiers for the most part during a thousand years of history based on various downsides. Political. It has been an empire of great economic and cultural importance
The Eastern Roman or Byzantine first had to contend with Iran and the Arabs in the 7th century AD.
In the middle of the 15th century (1453 AD), the conquest of Constantinople by Sultan Muhammad the Conqueror of the Ottoman Empire ended.
Decline of the Empire .
In 180 AD, after Marcus Aurelius (Marcus Aurelius), the Roman Empire suffered from civil war. He continued to be the ruler with the support of the Shah's security forces and the provincial armies. Sometimes several emperors ruled the empire at the same time. Their mutual fights continued to be a source of great suffering for the people. This state of civil war continued for the next two hundred years from 180 AD to 395 AD. Due to the civil war, the empire was weakened and attacked by northern European and Germanic tribes. Even the Germans began to take tribute from the Roman emperors.
In 285 AD, Diocletian became the emperor of Rome. During his tenure, the status of the senate became a mere civic council. And took the title of sun god for himself.
Reorganized the administrative units of the empire. To solve the issue of succession, he tried the strategy of dividing the empire into two parts. He kept the eastern part to himself while making his colleague Maximian the ruler of the western part. After some time the two emperors appointed their respective successors and divided the parts of the empire between them. Thus the Roman Empire was divided into four parts. The relationship between the four remained cordial until the Dave Clash era. External attacks continued to be repelled. Although Rome was no longer central. In 305 AD, Dev Kalash abdicated the throne and separated from domestic affairs. After which the period of civil war started again.
The reign of Emperor Constantine (313 AD to 337 AD)
. .
Since the voluntary retirement of Diocletian in 305 AD, the succession system was not effective. And civil war broke out. The situation had become such that in 310 AD there were five claimants to the emperorship at the same time. But there was no Caesar among them. Constantine was successful in this civil war and power struggle
He was the first Roman emperor to abandon his native religion (worship of gods) and embrace Christianity. In 313 A.D. he issued the Code of Milan. (Edict of Milan) made Christianity a legal religion. This not only stopped the persecution of Christians. Rather, the preaching and promotion of Christianity also started.
From the days of the fragmentation of the empire before Constantine, the rule of the Roman Empire had shifted to the East. So he made Byzantium an empire. Which was called Constantinople after him.
Constantine reunited the fragmented empire.
Division of the Empire. And the period of the ancient Western Roman Empire up to Hatima (395 AD to 476 AD).
Successors of Augustus
. .
Augustus died on 14 AD after ruling for 44 years. After that, four rulers of his family continued to rule Rome. The last of the so-called "Julian Caesar" rulers was the infamous Nero.
Nero committed suicide in 69 AD.
Flavi (Flavi) ruler
.
After Nero's suicide, Rome was ruled by the Flavian dynasty from 69 AD to 96 AD. Its first ruler, Vespasian, gained power through military force. made the emperorship hereditary by naming his son Titus
During the reign of Titus, Jerusalem was conquered and destroyed due to the rebellion of the Jews. There were some victories during the reign of his brother Domitian. Atrocities were also committed against Christians. By killing him in 96 AD, the Flavi era came to an end.
. .
The reign of the Five Great Kings. (96 AD to 180 AD)
. .
This period is called the best age of Rome. Because it was a time of great peace and prosperity. The last two emperors of this period belonged to the Antonine dynasty. Make it so. Also called "Antony" era.
During the reign of Trajan, the second emperor of this era (98 AD to 117 AD), the northern regions of the Danube River and Armenia and the Tigris and Euphrates regions were included in the Roman Empire. Trajan is considered one of the great emperors because of his conquests and peace and order. The emperors who came after him paid more attention to the administration of the kingdom and the rights of the citizens. The periods of Hadrian (117 AD to 138 AD) and Antonius (138 AD to 161 AD) were very prosperous and peaceful.
After him came Marcus Auxellius. Apart from being a general, he was also a philosopher. Wrote a book called "Meditations" during the wars. Many good initiatives were taken during his tenure. However, Christians were massacred during his reign. After his death in 180 AD, civil war broke out in Rome and with it came the end of Rome's era known as Pax Romana (Roman Peace).
The advent of the distant monarchy
.
After the assassination of Julius Caesar, the people sided with Caesar's supporters instead of the republicans. And so his special adviser "Antony" took over Rome. While Caesar appointed his nephew "Octavian" (Octavian) as his successor in his will. Antony ignored him. but Octavian began to assert his importance with the support of Caesar's loyal soldiers. In 43 BC he was elected consul. A war with Antony ensued. However, under a treaty, the Roman Empire was divided into three parts.
Octavian on Rome and its western side, . Antony in the eastern part, including Egypt. And the African conquests were recognized as the rule of Lepidus, a close associate of Caesar. Together, the three defeated Caesar's assassins and their supporters in Greece and Macedonia. And after that they took over their power in their respective areas. However, after some time it settled down to Actuine and Lepidus, the ruler of the African part. Octavian defeated him and annexed Africa to his rule.
In the Eastern Empire, Antony was captivated by the beauty of Cleopatra. It was rumored in Rome. that Calapetra wanted to take over the Roman Empire with Antony's support. Thus the war between Antony and Octavian became inevitable. Both were decisively defeated by Octavian at Actium on the west coast of Greece in 31 BC. Thus, by conquering the eastern part, Octavian became the ruler of the entire Roman Empire.
Octavian. Augustus (Octavian Augustus) reign. 31 BC to 13 AD)
. .
Although Octavian maintained the outward democratic representation of the empire, the real power rested with him. Princeps rather than dictators themselves though. (first citizen) liked to be called. But established a personal government (empire). St. Augustus him. Titled Augustus. Known by the same name in history.
Augustus focused on managing the empire rather than expanding it. Many good steps have been taken. The Rhine River and the Danube River in the north, the Black Sea and the Euphrates River in the east, the Sahara Desert in the south, and the Atlantic Ocean in the west were the boundaries of the empire. Gave full attention to the beauty of Rome. Under his patronage the historian Levi. (Livy) wrote the history of Rome. Virgil was the most famous poet of his time. Jesus was also born in the time of Augustus.
